Current Affairs

Clashes occurred in Rayagada district, Odisha over an approach road to the Sijimali bauxite mine. Bauxite, a reddish-brown soft sedimentary rock of hydrated aluminium oxides/hydroxides with iron hydroxides and silica, is refined via the Bayer process; >90% becomes alumina/aluminium; also used in refractories, chemicals, cement, abrasives. Sijimali (Rayagada-Kalahandi, Eastern Ghats), operated by Vedanta, has 220–311 mt reserves; planned 6–9 mtpa for 50 years; Stage-1 forest clearance granted, Stage-2 pending. Odisha holds 41% of India’s bauxite resources and 73% output; also has major iron ore, coal, nickel, gemstones, graphite, ~17% of national mineral reserves.

In the Sabarimala case, the Solicitor General urged the Supreme Court to disregard the doctrine of constitutional morality. Constitutional morality denotes adherence to justice, liberty, equality and fraternity; it is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. The term was coined by George Grote and invoked by B R Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly (1948). Courts use it to interpret provisions, protect rights and minorities; applied in Kesavananda Bharati (1973), Navtej Singh Johar, Joseph Shine and Sabarimala (2018).

Keytruda (pembrolizumab), an immunotherapy drug by Merck & Co., is a checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibody. It binds PD-1 receptors on T cells, blocking interaction with PD-L1 on cancer cells, thereby reactivating T cells to destroy tumours. Approved by the US FDA in 2014 for advanced skin cancer, it is used across multiple cancers, given as 30-minute IV infusion every 3/6 weeks, with a subcutaneous formulation.

Government expanded the Fund of Funds for Startups through FoF 2.0, building on the 2016 Startup India Action Plan, to improve venture capital access across sectors and growth stages. With a ₹10,000 crore corpus, it is governed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It contributes to SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (privately pooled vehicles) for equity/equity-linked startup investments; eligible AIFs span the 16th and 17th Finance Commission cycles, screened by a Venture Capital Investment Committee, monitored by an Empowered Committee chaired by Secretary, DPIIT, and implemented by SIDBI with additional domestic agencies, including support for deep tech, micro VC, manufacturing and sector-agnostic startups.

National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), launched in April 2016, is a pan-India electronic trading platform to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by digitally integrating mandis and enabling inter-state access beyond APMC limits. Implemented by Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, it uses web/app and AI-enabled quality assessment, integrates e-NWR (Warehousing Development and Regulation Act, 2007; WDRA warehouses), expanded mandis from 1389 (2024) to 1656 (March 2026), and enabled 13.25 crore MT trade worth ₹4.84 lakh crore (2016–March 2026), with 1.80 crore farmers, 2.73 lakh traders and 4724 FPOs.

Polling concluded at Laika and Dodhia stations inside Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Assam. The park lies in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia, bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit (north) and Dibru River (south), and is a Biosphere Reserve. It has tropical monsoon climate; semi-evergreen/deciduous forests, canebrakes and grasslands; NE India’s largest salix swamp forest; flora includes pine, Tetrasperma, Dalbergia sissoo, Dillenia indica. It conserves white-winged wood duck; fauna include feral horses, hoolock gibbon, water buffalo, tiger, elephant, capped langur, slow loris, Gangetic river dolphin; an IBA with 382+ birds (Greater/Lesser Adjutant, Greater Crested Grebe).

IUCN has classified the emperor penguin as an endangered sentinel species, highlighting its utility in indicating ecosystem health and environmental stress. Sentinel species are organisms whose health provides early warning of ecosystem decline due to stressors such as pollution and disease. Typical traits include fixed territory, long lifespan, toxin accumulation, high sensitivity, and visibly apparent responses. Examples include frogs, canaries, honeybees and polar bears.

A study by the National Institute of Science Education and Research (autonomous under the Department of Atomic Energy) analysing 593 districts in 21 states links poverty increasingly with climate change. Recurring floods damage crops, infrastructure and housing; drought-prone regions face crop failure and debt cycles. Higher poverty risk persists among Scheduled Tribes. Service-sector diversification reduces poverty probability by ~1.9% per unit GSDP-share rise. It calls for district-specific strategies within NAPCC, SAPCC and SDG India Index, including climate-resilient agriculture, drought-resistant crops, efficient irrigation and non-farm jobs.

Sagarmala Programme (launched March 2015) aims at port-led development to improve logistics efficiency and reduce transport costs by integrating coastal shipping and inland waterways with road and rail. It envisages 845 projects worth ₹6.06 lakh crore; 315 projects worth ₹1.57 lakh crore are completed. It has 5 pillars and 24 categories, with an institutional framework including the National Sagarmala Apex Committee, Maritime States Development Council, State Sagarmala Committees, and Sagarmala Finance Corporation Limited; Sagarmala Development Company Limited was restructured into this in June 2025.

High-level US–Iran talks in Islamabad, mediated by Pakistan, collapsed after nearly 21 hours, marking first such political contact since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. US sought a clear commitment against nuclear weapons and reopening the Strait of Hormuz; Iran asserted Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-based enrichment rights, refused to surrender >440 kg highly enriched uranium, and cited US promise breaches. Iran demanded sanctions relief, release of about $27 billion frozen assets, and reparations for airstrikes (refused). A two-week ceasefire window remains; India faces risks to energy/LPG supplies and Hormuz-dependent maritime trade.

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs report highlights financing constraints in developing countries amid fragile macroeconomy, high borrowing costs, rollover risks and weak tax gains. It notes global fragmentation with alternative cross-border payment systems alongside SWIFT and an estimated $4 trillion annual SDG financing gap. It emphasises the Sevilla Commitment, adopted at the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (Sevilla, 2025), with 280 actions and a voluntary Sevilla Platform for Action.

A report on women’s placements in contractual/flexible IT/ITeS roles shows share rising to 40% in FY26 from 30% in FY22. Top roles: finance and accounting (43%), data science (34%), UX design/architecture (31%). Metro hubs: Bengaluru (21%), Hyderabad (20%), Pune (17%), Delhi NCR (13%), Chennai (9%); Tier II cities 11%. Participation by experience: <2 years 30%, 5–8 years 31%, 9–14 years 13%, >14 years 4%.

Union Cabinet approved a four-lane, access-controlled Barabanki–Bahraich highway (NH-927) in Uttar Pradesh. Under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the 101.5 km project will be implemented on Hybrid Annuity Mode. It will connect to Nepal via Rupaidiha Land Port and Nepalgunj, cutting travel time 150 to 75 minutes and raising speed 40 to 80 kmph. It strengthens the Rupaidiha–Nepalgunj trade corridor; India accounts for about 60% of Nepal’s trade, including rice, wheat, vegetables, dairy, medicines and consumer goods, reducing perishables’ spoilage and improving farmer incomes.

At Kuno National Park (Sheopur, Madhya Pradesh), female cheetah KGP-12 gave birth to four cubs in the wild, taking Project Cheetah’s total population to 57. Kuno (Vindhyan Hills) was a sanctuary in 1981 and a national park in 2018; Kuno River (Chambal tributary) flows through dry deciduous/riverine, grassland-savana habitats. Launched in 2022, the project is led by NTCA and WII (MoEFCC), using African cheetahs from Namibia, South Africa and Botswana; it is the first intercontinental large-carnivore translocation. African cheetah is IUCN Vulnerable; Asiatic cheetah Critically Endangered; both in CITES Appendix I and WPA 1972 Schedule I.

National leaders paid floral tributes to Mahatma Jyotirao Phule on his 200th birth anniversary at Prerna Sthal, Parliament House Complex. Born 11 April 1827 in Pune, he founded Satya Shodhak Samaj (1873) and served Pune Municipality (1876–82). Titled “Mahatma” in 1888, he pioneered education for Shudras, Ati-Shudras and women with Savitribai, wrote Shetkaryacha Asud, Gulamgiri and others; Deenbandhu voiced the movement. A 12-foot bronze statue by Ram V Sutar was unveiled in 2003.

Uttarakhand High Court stayed felling of oak trees in Mussoorie proposed for Municipal Council construction works. Himalayan oaks (Quercus; family Fagaceae) occur across the Himalayas at 1,000–3,500 m, including Western Himalayas and Arunachal Pradesh; ~20 species in Western and 15 in Eastern Himalayas. Slow-growing (10–35 m), they dominate moist temperate forests as climax species, aiding soil-water conservation and spring recharge. Threats include 0.36 sq km/year degradation, grazing/lopping/litter removal, invasives (Eupatorium adenophorum, Lantana camara), chir pine replacement, and forest fires.

Researchers at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, developed a frog-inspired neuromorphic sensor mimicking brain-like processing. Inspired by cricket frogs’ moisture- and light-sensitive synaptic behaviour, it uses one-dimensional supramolecular nanofibers (self-assembled molecules/polymers). Humidity is the primary stimulus, with light modulating sensitivity. It integrates sensing, memory and signal processing, demonstrating synaptic functions (facilitation, depression, meta-plasticity, logic), enabling low-energy, event-driven edge computing for environmental monitoring, healthcare wearables, and AI/IoT; claimed as the first humidity-primary neuromorphic device.

Amid LPG shortages linked to the West Asia conflict, Indian households are shifting to electric induction and infrared cooktops. Induction uses electromagnetic fields for direct heating, needs ferromagnetic cookware, offers ~85–95% efficiency, faster cooking, precise electronic control, cooler surfaces, but can cause demand spikes. Infrared uses heated coils emitting radiation, works with all cookware, ~70–80% efficient, slower, phase-angle control, hotter surfaces, and localised grid stress via waveform distortion.

India plans 45 GW solar capacity addition in 2025–26; cumulative 150.26 GW by 31 March 2026 (2.82 GW in 2014). India ranks 3rd globally (IRENA Renewable Energy Statistics 2025); top states: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu. Solar potential: 300–330 sunny days, 4–7 kWh/m²/day. Schemes: PM Surya Ghar (1 crore households; 23.9 lakh rooftop installs, Dec 2025), PM-KUSUM, National Solar Mission, Solar Parks/Ultra-Mega projects. PLI to attract ₹52,900 crore for solar PV manufacturing. Global initiatives: ISA HQ Gurugram; One Sun One World One Grid. Solar PV uses semiconductors; CSP uses mirrors.

IUCN updated its Red List for Antarctic species amid rising threats from climate change and disease. Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) was uplisted to Endangered from Near Threatened; it is the largest penguin, insulated by scale-like feathers and high body fat. Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) moved to Endangered from Least Concern. Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) is now Vulnerable from Least Concern due to avian influenza.

On PM Mudra Yojana’s 11th anniversary, the PM highlighted its role in credit support to micro enterprises. MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd) is an NBFC under the Ministry of Finance (launched April 2015), implemented via banks, MFIs and NBFCs. It provides collateral-free loans: Shishu (≤₹50,000), Kishore (₹50,000–₹5 lakh), Tarun (₹5–10 lakh), Tarun Plus (₹10–20 lakh), with CGFMU guarantee (NCGTC) and Mudra Card; micro-credit up to ₹1 lakh.

Department of Higher Education held a session on Indian Knowledge Systems during Sadhana Saptah 2026, highlighting capacity building under Mission Karmayogi. Mission Karmayogi (launched September 2020) is a Central Sector Programme implemented by DoPT, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, with PM’s Public Human Resources Council and Capacity Building Commission. iGOT Karmayogi (2022) hosts 4,400+ courses. Sadhana Saptah (April 2026) theme: “Technology to Tradition to Tangible Outcomes”, with Karmayogi Geet, Kshamata Connect, Kartavya Karyakram, trust-based peer assessment and AI case-study suite.

Under the National Quantum Mission (NQM), India has deployed a 1000-km secure quantum communication network. NQM, launched in April 2023 for 2023–2031, is governed by the Ministry of Science and Technology and implemented by the Department of Science and Technology through a Quantum Technology Cell. Thematic hubs: IISc Bengaluru (computing), IIT Madras+C-DOT (communication), IIT Bombay (sensing/metrology), IIT Delhi (materials/devices). Targets include 50–1000-qubit computers, satellite secure links up to 2000 km, quantum diamond microscope, magnetometers, atomic clocks, and quantum simulation.

IRENA ranks India 3rd globally in renewable-energy installed capacity (surpassing Brazil). Non-fossil capacity: 283.46 GW—solar 150.26, wind 56.09, hydro 51.41 (large)+5.17 (small), bio 11.75, nuclear 8.78. India achieved 50% installed capacity from non-fossil sources (June 2025) and targets 500 GW non-fossil by 2030 (Paris NDC). Support: PM-KUSUM, Rooftop Solar, PLI, Solar QCO 2025; Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, Vayumitra; SHP Development Scheme, Green Energy Corridor; National Bio-Energy, Jaiv-Urja Mitra; National Geothermal Policy 2025 (5 pilots); National Green Hydrogen Mission (5 MMT by 2030; hubs Kandla, Paradip, Tuticorin).

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered an ~1500-year-old stepped reservoir on Elephanta Island (Gharapuri) in Mumbai Harbour, Maharashtra, a UNESCO site with 5th-century Shiva caves. The T-shaped tank (14.7 m long; 6.7 m and 10.8 m wide), built from mainland stone blocks, was excavated 5 m deep, exposing 20 steps for water storage. Finds include anchors, Roman-style amphorae, West Asian torpedo jars, and silver/lead/copper coins of Kalachuri Krishnaraja (bull obverse; “Sri Krishnaraja” reverse), indicating 2nd-century CE trade links and 6th-century CE Kalachuri presence.