UPSC CSE Prelims 2024

Correct Option

Statement 2 is correct. The Upanishads are ancient philosophical texts forming part of the Vedic corpus and are classified as Shruti literature. Their composition period is generally placed between approximately 800 BCE and 300 BCE. The Puranas, on the other hand, are post-Vedic texts belonging to Smriti literature, with their composition largely occurring from around 300 CE onwards. Therefore, the Upanishads were indeed composed earlier than the Puranas.

Incorrect Options

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Upanishads extensively utilize parables, metaphors, and symbolic narratives to convey complex spiritual and philosophical ideas. Notable examples include:

• The parable of the two birds on the same tree in the Mundaka Upanishad, symbolizing the individual soul and the Supreme Self.
• The dialogue between Nachiketa and Yama in the Katha Upanishad, which expounds on the nature of the Self and immortality.
• The chariot allegory, also found in the Katha Upanishad, where the body is likened to a chariot, the intellect to the charioteer, and the Self to the passenger.

Options (A), (C), and (D) are incorrect because Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true. Option (A) is incorrect as it states only Statement 1 is correct. Option (C) is incorrect as it claims both statements are correct. Option (D) is incorrect as it suggests neither statement is correct.